1 00:00:02,570 --> 00:00:09,170 Ancient Rome is powerful and 2 00:00:09,170 --> 00:00:10,170 violent. 3 00:00:12,130 --> 00:00:18,990 Its people pack amphitheaters to watch gladiators fight and die 4 00:00:18,990 --> 00:00:20,130 for entertainment. 5 00:00:20,550 --> 00:00:23,290 The arena for the Romans was a cinema. 6 00:00:23,750 --> 00:00:25,730 You think you've seen spectacle. 7 00:00:26,470 --> 00:00:28,930 It's way bigger than you might expect. 8 00:00:30,150 --> 00:00:34,670 Over time, These nameless warriors become icons. 9 00:00:35,210 --> 00:00:39,150 They're symbols of manhood could attain. 10 00:00:40,010 --> 00:00:46,370 As the empire expands, the games grow increasingly more important to Rome. 11 00:00:47,090 --> 00:00:49,670 It was a staging of Roman power. 12 00:00:50,210 --> 00:00:56,930 The obsession of the people and the excess and ruin of emperors. The 13 00:00:56,930 --> 00:00:59,310 emperor holds your life in his hand. 14 00:01:01,320 --> 00:01:06,520 Before Rome became an empire, one gladiator stood above the rest. 15 00:01:07,740 --> 00:01:12,980 Spartacus. The story of Spartacus tells us about a moment in gladiatorial 16 00:01:12,980 --> 00:01:17,460 history. An innocent man condemned to a gladiator's lot. 17 00:01:17,900 --> 00:01:22,880 Thousands died fighting in the arena, and we don't know most of their names. 18 00:01:24,840 --> 00:01:26,940 But we do know the name of Spartacus. 19 00:01:28,880 --> 00:01:30,100 Once a soldier. 20 00:01:30,700 --> 00:01:35,180 He's captured by Rome and forced into gladiatorial combat. 21 00:01:36,360 --> 00:01:42,580 But where most accept their fate, Spartacus defies, leading one of Rome's 22 00:01:42,580 --> 00:01:49,040 largest and bloodiest rebellions. The future of the Republic lies in the hands 23 00:01:49,040 --> 00:01:52,700 of one man and his army of courageous gladiators. 24 00:02:07,150 --> 00:02:13,030 The term gladiator is able to stir the imagination, the thrill of the games, 25 00:02:13,030 --> 00:02:17,770 crowd roars, that very fancy gladiatorial armor. 26 00:02:18,950 --> 00:02:24,430 The word gladiator comes from the Latin word gladius, which means a sword. So a 27 00:02:24,430 --> 00:02:26,270 gladiator is simply a swordsman. 28 00:02:28,590 --> 00:02:30,750 Ultimately, they were people who faced death. 29 00:02:32,570 --> 00:02:33,570 They were... 30 00:02:33,760 --> 00:02:38,220 People that were hired to do a job. They are purely swordsmen for entertainment. 31 00:02:40,000 --> 00:02:42,620 But there is a great mythology that surrounds gladiators. 32 00:02:43,240 --> 00:02:47,000 So the fact that Spartacus is associated with the gladiator gives him a certain 33 00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:48,000 amount of mythos. 34 00:02:50,040 --> 00:02:55,140 Unlike many other gladiators, we know a lot about Spartacus. He became a 35 00:02:55,140 --> 00:02:58,020 celebrity and a bogeyman in his own lifetime. 36 00:02:59,850 --> 00:03:04,250 He's probably one of the most famous gladiators from all of ancient Rome. 37 00:03:05,330 --> 00:03:09,390 In fact, he's probably one of the most famous characters from ancient Rome full 38 00:03:09,390 --> 00:03:11,490 stop. Most people have heard of Spartacus. 39 00:03:13,170 --> 00:03:17,670 The sources that we do have aren't interested in him for himself, but 40 00:03:17,670 --> 00:03:20,070 what he does and for the impact that he has on Rome. 41 00:03:21,250 --> 00:03:24,150 Our sources actually are all from the Roman side. 42 00:03:24,910 --> 00:03:27,990 And a lot of them are much later, more than 100 years later. 43 00:03:28,290 --> 00:03:31,590 So by then he's become this mythical figure. 44 00:03:33,670 --> 00:03:39,150 Although Spartacus earned his fame as a gladiator, he honed his deadly talents 45 00:03:39,150 --> 00:03:41,850 long before he set foot in the arena. 46 00:03:45,930 --> 00:03:49,190 Spartacus is a soldier. He comes from a military background. 47 00:03:49,570 --> 00:03:53,990 He had something of an aura of being kind of a tough, rogue figure. 48 00:03:55,660 --> 00:04:01,580 Spartacus was a free man born in Thrace, which is in the eastern part of the 49 00:04:01,580 --> 00:04:02,960 Mediterranean, modern -day Bulgaria. 50 00:04:03,640 --> 00:04:10,260 It was a barbarian land, and Roman influence was penetrating to those 51 00:04:11,700 --> 00:04:16,860 Rome was conducting military campaigns in the Eastern Empire in the 80s and 70s 52 00:04:16,860 --> 00:04:17,860 BCE. 53 00:04:18,720 --> 00:04:21,360 The Thracians were particularly hardened warriors. 54 00:04:22,830 --> 00:04:26,170 They had a reputation for being quite difficult to deal with. 55 00:04:26,510 --> 00:04:29,930 They were tenacious, and the Romans admired their courage in battle. 56 00:04:32,570 --> 00:04:35,390 Spartacus is a skilled and fearless warrior. 57 00:04:36,430 --> 00:04:38,890 But the Roman army overwhelms him. 58 00:04:40,790 --> 00:04:42,010 He is captured. 59 00:04:43,750 --> 00:04:49,250 Prisons of war become property, and they therefore can be sold into slavery for 60 00:04:49,250 --> 00:04:51,710 whatever purpose their enslaver requires. 61 00:04:52,590 --> 00:04:54,770 They had no say in what happened to them. 62 00:04:56,570 --> 00:05:00,730 And Spartacus was brought to Rome to be sold into slavery. 63 00:05:06,590 --> 00:05:11,970 Spartacus is taken to the slave market where he could face a life of hard labor 64 00:05:11,970 --> 00:05:17,350 in the fields and farms or join the back -breaking construction of Rome. 65 00:05:18,130 --> 00:05:19,250 But instead... 66 00:05:19,770 --> 00:05:25,650 He finds himself in the sights of a man called Lentulus Batiatus, who has a far 67 00:05:25,650 --> 00:05:27,490 more brutal purpose in mind. 68 00:05:28,930 --> 00:05:34,490 Lentulus Batiatus is a lanista, an owner of gladiators. 69 00:05:36,210 --> 00:05:40,530 So if you wanted to put on a gladiatorial show, you didn't just go 70 00:05:40,530 --> 00:05:42,490 yourself, you went to a middleman. 71 00:05:42,730 --> 00:05:44,470 And that's what Batiatus does. 72 00:05:44,710 --> 00:05:51,340 He trains up gladiators, sources them, and then he hires them out to people who 73 00:05:51,340 --> 00:05:52,600 want to put on games. 74 00:05:53,820 --> 00:05:58,760 Lentulus Batiatus had a large number of gladiators and was attached to a 75 00:05:58,760 --> 00:06:00,400 training school in Capua. 76 00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:06,620 He is quite a wealthy man. He can afford to invest in a couple of hundred 77 00:06:06,620 --> 00:06:08,660 gladiators, which would not come cheap. 78 00:06:10,920 --> 00:06:16,940 Those who look healthy and strong are highly prized by Lannisters like 79 00:06:19,340 --> 00:06:21,740 Not everybody could just become a gladiator. 80 00:06:22,040 --> 00:06:25,060 You have to be physically impressive. You have to be that exception. 81 00:06:26,840 --> 00:06:28,640 Spartacus is already probably fit. 82 00:06:29,440 --> 00:06:31,500 He's used to hand -to -hand combat. 83 00:06:32,300 --> 00:06:33,860 He's used to handling weapons. 84 00:06:34,620 --> 00:06:38,160 Before making the investment in these gladiators, they had to be fight 85 00:06:38,380 --> 00:06:40,280 and so perhaps there was a test fight. 86 00:06:41,380 --> 00:06:42,560 They had no option. 87 00:06:42,820 --> 00:06:46,360 If they don't throw themselves into it, it's the end for them. 88 00:06:47,150 --> 00:06:48,770 There was no saying no. 89 00:06:49,350 --> 00:06:51,110 He would have been tortured and killed. 90 00:06:53,830 --> 00:06:58,690 So all they can do really is try and impress their new owner that they're 91 00:06:58,690 --> 00:06:59,930 to be a great gladiator. 92 00:07:02,890 --> 00:07:04,210 Spartacus shows potential. 93 00:07:06,370 --> 00:07:11,410 He may make a good gladiator, but before he's thrust into the arenas... 94 00:07:12,270 --> 00:07:18,750 He will have to endure months of brutal training at a school in Capua, 130 95 00:07:18,750 --> 00:07:20,650 miles south of Rome. 96 00:07:36,150 --> 00:07:40,310 Capua is the heart of the gladiatorial history. 97 00:07:41,180 --> 00:07:46,640 This idea of gladiatorial fights really is cemented and rusted onto the culture. 98 00:07:47,940 --> 00:07:50,540 It was a microcosm of the Roman world. 99 00:07:51,100 --> 00:07:55,680 It was a plethora of people from all parts and walks of life of Roman 100 00:07:58,260 --> 00:08:03,640 Somewhere that's known for having gladiatorial schools and for being a 101 00:08:03,640 --> 00:08:04,640 training gladiators. 102 00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:12,400 What better way to develop gladiators than having professional schools to 103 00:08:12,400 --> 00:08:13,259 them? 104 00:08:13,260 --> 00:08:16,080 A gladiatorial school that's called a ludus. 105 00:08:16,680 --> 00:08:19,380 The ludus would hold 250 men. 106 00:08:19,600 --> 00:08:23,640 The gladiators are locked up, kept behind bars. 107 00:08:24,260 --> 00:08:31,000 It had an armory, it had a medical center, it had a kitchen, an exercise, 108 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:34,400 area, and that is where the gladiators would do all of their training. 109 00:08:36,200 --> 00:08:38,799 Kind of like a small military camp in a way. 110 00:08:40,620 --> 00:08:42,020 They weren't pleasant places. 111 00:08:43,340 --> 00:08:44,920 Gladiators were shackled to the wall. 112 00:08:45,700 --> 00:08:49,020 They could sit and they could lie down, but they could hardly even stand up. 113 00:08:50,840 --> 00:08:56,320 When Spartacus arrives into the lute, he's probably assigned into a cubicle. 114 00:08:57,380 --> 00:09:00,240 He will have some comrades who settle him in. 115 00:09:01,620 --> 00:09:04,180 Cryptus is one of Spartacus' cellmates. 116 00:09:05,320 --> 00:09:06,880 They're comrades in arms. 117 00:09:07,160 --> 00:09:08,900 They look after each other. 118 00:09:09,180 --> 00:09:11,000 They help train each other. 119 00:09:11,580 --> 00:09:13,380 These folks were thrown together. 120 00:09:14,180 --> 00:09:20,240 They're living in very, very close quarters and having the same horrific 121 00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:21,540 activity thrust upon them. 122 00:09:28,440 --> 00:09:30,880 Bacchiatus doesn't do all of the training himself. 123 00:09:31,520 --> 00:09:34,800 He's got a team of doctores who are trainers. 124 00:09:36,340 --> 00:09:40,520 They're learned men in the skills and the arts of being a gladiator. 125 00:09:41,660 --> 00:09:47,540 Experts in specific areas, whether it's attacking stroke, defense, fitness, 126 00:09:47,760 --> 00:09:51,240 and most of them are probably former gladiators. 127 00:09:52,420 --> 00:09:57,360 They're the kind of people who would be the real experts in all the skills that 128 00:09:57,360 --> 00:09:59,580 they would need to survive in the arena. 129 00:10:00,840 --> 00:10:05,320 They did a lot of exercises against a big wooden stake in the ground. 130 00:10:05,760 --> 00:10:06,860 It's called a palace. 131 00:10:08,420 --> 00:10:11,800 And so he could strike at this foe, which is the equivalent, I suppose, of a 132 00:10:11,800 --> 00:10:15,740 punch bag in a gym, and practice his sword strokes against that. 133 00:10:16,720 --> 00:10:19,820 And he would have been learning combinations, as you do in boxing. 134 00:10:20,200 --> 00:10:25,080 How to parry, how to attack by driving against this wooden stake. 135 00:10:28,460 --> 00:10:29,540 But also... 136 00:10:30,090 --> 00:10:32,870 A big part of your training would have been how to put on a good show. 137 00:10:33,870 --> 00:10:37,310 The point is not to kill. The point is to entertain. 138 00:10:38,110 --> 00:10:42,150 It's no good simply hacking your opponent to death. No one wants to see 139 00:10:43,870 --> 00:10:46,130 They want to see something that's exciting. 140 00:10:47,250 --> 00:10:49,190 You've got to draw the fight out. 141 00:10:49,790 --> 00:10:51,970 So there would have been a great amount of aerobic training. 142 00:10:52,550 --> 00:10:55,170 These guys have to fight in the Mediterranean heat. 143 00:10:56,490 --> 00:10:58,950 And the implements they're using for training are heavy. 144 00:10:59,630 --> 00:11:05,410 So they're trying to get them used to spears, heavy swords, tridents, 145 00:11:05,590 --> 00:11:10,090 all of which they'll be using later on in the arena. 146 00:11:13,950 --> 00:11:17,370 Spartacus is caught in a grueling routine of training. 147 00:11:18,010 --> 00:11:23,350 But the comrades he trains with and the captors who guard him have no idea that 148 00:11:23,350 --> 00:11:28,290 this new gladiator will soon leave a mark far beyond the walls of the Ludus. 149 00:11:35,530 --> 00:11:38,210 It's hard to know how long Spartacus would have trained for. 150 00:11:38,550 --> 00:11:40,730 A gladiator has got to get fit. 151 00:11:41,130 --> 00:11:42,650 They've got to build up muscle. 152 00:11:43,190 --> 00:11:47,810 They've got to acquire skills in the particular weapons that they're going to 153 00:11:47,810 --> 00:11:52,750 use. It must have taken at least six months until you were prepared to go 154 00:11:52,750 --> 00:11:53,750 the arena. 155 00:11:55,270 --> 00:11:59,810 Lentulus Batiatus would try to monetize these individuals to the max. 156 00:12:01,250 --> 00:12:02,290 No tea break. 157 00:12:03,210 --> 00:12:04,330 No lunch break. 158 00:12:05,360 --> 00:12:09,720 Spartacus is being pushed to the limit to survive in the arena. 159 00:12:11,740 --> 00:12:16,820 Spartacus will be forced to fight for the crowd's amusement in gladiatorial 160 00:12:16,820 --> 00:12:21,620 combat, one of the most popular forms of entertainment in the Roman Republic. 161 00:12:25,440 --> 00:12:29,480 We're pretty sure that the Romans didn't come up with gladiatorial combat 162 00:12:29,480 --> 00:12:33,760 entirely by themselves, but which culture they're drawing from? 163 00:12:34,880 --> 00:12:36,300 we're really unsure. 164 00:12:37,260 --> 00:12:43,200 Some theories point to ancient rites practiced by an Italian people known as 165 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:49,480 Etruscans. Other sources suggest they may be of Greek origin or from a nearby 166 00:12:49,480 --> 00:12:50,740 region, Campania. 167 00:12:52,140 --> 00:12:57,280 The Romans were innovators. They weren't inventors. They took great ideas from 168 00:12:57,280 --> 00:13:00,580 the cultures they encountered and they amplified it. 169 00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:06,680 In the tombs of Paestum, we have 4th century BC images, and they depict 170 00:13:06,680 --> 00:13:09,800 the first images of gladiatorial combat in Italy. 171 00:13:14,040 --> 00:13:19,680 In 264 BCE, we have our first recorded gladiatorial event in Rome. 172 00:13:20,940 --> 00:13:25,920 An aristocrat thought it would be a great honour for their dead father to 173 00:13:25,920 --> 00:13:28,360 some prisoners of war fight to the death. 174 00:13:31,530 --> 00:13:36,230 To demonstrate the great things your ancestors had done and these are another 175 00:13:36,230 --> 00:13:37,230 form of celebration. 176 00:13:39,150 --> 00:13:45,670 And this is something which the crowds find fascinating and they are 177 00:13:45,670 --> 00:13:47,430 hooked almost at once. 178 00:13:47,990 --> 00:13:50,230 They quickly become very popular. 179 00:13:52,850 --> 00:13:54,790 People want to be them. 180 00:13:56,080 --> 00:14:00,340 And it doesn't take the Romans too long to figure out that this is a way of 181 00:14:00,340 --> 00:14:04,380 currying favour with the people of Rome to put on these spectacles. 182 00:14:05,940 --> 00:14:11,880 Roman Republican culture was a culture of visibility, of physical visibility. 183 00:14:13,520 --> 00:14:19,240 To be seen was vital for the elite, but more broadly as well, 184 00:14:19,380 --> 00:14:24,840 to validate themselves through various types of performances in front of the 185 00:14:24,840 --> 00:14:28,610 people. The spectacles were a part of political culture. 186 00:14:31,750 --> 00:14:36,070 Gladiatorial combat and its evolution fit within that culture of spectacle. 187 00:14:37,050 --> 00:14:42,350 And it quickly becomes a popular thing amongst the aristocratic class to try 188 00:14:42,350 --> 00:14:47,850 show off their status in society by having more and more gladiators fight at 189 00:14:47,850 --> 00:14:48,850 their unions. 190 00:14:49,290 --> 00:14:53,750 The people are accepting a gift when they come along to the games. 191 00:14:54,960 --> 00:15:00,000 And those people who are putting on the games are gaining a reputation. And 192 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:01,800 Romans love building their reputation. 193 00:15:05,920 --> 00:15:10,700 For 700 years, Rome has been growing in size and strength. 194 00:15:11,740 --> 00:15:14,220 Countless wars drive its expansion. 195 00:15:14,480 --> 00:15:16,940 Thousands of enemy soldiers are captured. 196 00:15:17,220 --> 00:15:23,080 Some of these enslaved men become gladiators, forced to perform their 197 00:15:23,580 --> 00:15:27,380 again and again as entertainment for the Roman citizens. 198 00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:33,360 In the early Republic, second century, first century BCE, the majority of 199 00:15:33,360 --> 00:15:37,800 gladiators were prisoners of war, captives from Rome's wars of conquest. 200 00:15:38,560 --> 00:15:44,480 They've armed their enemies and then put them on as entertainment or as 201 00:15:44,480 --> 00:15:45,480 displays. 202 00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:50,760 The arena was a chance to witness and experience what the Romans only heard 203 00:15:50,760 --> 00:15:51,760 about. 204 00:15:52,430 --> 00:15:55,450 the different groups wore different types of armor. 205 00:15:56,130 --> 00:16:01,270 So in gladiatorial combat, those different identities through armor are 206 00:16:01,270 --> 00:16:02,270 stage. 207 00:16:03,310 --> 00:16:09,950 There were the M -Knight gladiator, there was a gladiator known as a gallant 208 00:16:09,950 --> 00:16:14,410 gall, and there was a gladiator known as a thrite, a Thracian gladiator. 209 00:16:17,330 --> 00:16:22,500 Now over time, of course, the gladiatorial combats become hugely 210 00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:28,080 It's a funerary show, but it's also a popular public spectacle. And in the 211 00:16:28,080 --> 00:16:30,700 Republic, these two sort of start to merge. 212 00:16:31,920 --> 00:16:35,660 There's a gradual growth in the size of the game. 213 00:16:39,440 --> 00:16:44,960 So by 183 BC, we've got 120 pairs of gladiators fighting. 214 00:16:46,510 --> 00:16:49,810 A hundred years later, we hear of 320 pairs. 215 00:16:55,570 --> 00:17:02,470 Over the next 200 years, the funerary links fade as the games become regular 216 00:17:02,470 --> 00:17:07,369 spectacles. Gladiators become one of Rome's favorite obsessions. 217 00:17:07,710 --> 00:17:13,650 As the upper classes compete to stage the most dazzling shows, seeking men 218 00:17:13,650 --> 00:17:16,609 Batiatus, to hire their fiercest fighters. 219 00:17:18,730 --> 00:17:21,670 You want to get the best gladiators in there that you can? 220 00:17:22,630 --> 00:17:26,510 You want this spectacle to go beyond the spectacles that people have seen 221 00:17:26,510 --> 00:17:30,310 before. So there is a constant sense of one -upmanship. 222 00:17:32,110 --> 00:17:36,410 Alinistar, he's the person that people probably approach in order to rent out 223 00:17:36,410 --> 00:17:38,050 the gladiators under his control. 224 00:17:39,770 --> 00:17:44,250 It is not long until Spartacus is called upon to fight. 225 00:17:44,680 --> 00:17:49,180 He has no choice and will soon face his first duel in the arena. 226 00:17:59,840 --> 00:18:06,460 In a community like Capua, Lentulus Batiatus would have rented his 227 00:18:06,460 --> 00:18:09,080 to important local officials. 228 00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:13,060 They've been elected to high office. 229 00:18:13,420 --> 00:18:17,660 And this is a way of rewarding the people of the town for their election. 230 00:18:18,240 --> 00:18:20,700 And so they would want to impress them. 231 00:18:21,240 --> 00:18:22,820 It's an expensive exercise. 232 00:18:23,120 --> 00:18:25,980 Only the rich are really capable to do this. 233 00:18:26,740 --> 00:18:29,820 So there's probably a few thousand in the crowd. 234 00:18:30,120 --> 00:18:33,580 It's not like the massive games we have later in the Colosseum. 235 00:18:34,080 --> 00:18:37,560 And tickets are kind of handed down through patronage. 236 00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:41,900 The wealthy will definitely have a portion of those tickets and they will 237 00:18:41,900 --> 00:18:43,460 some out to their friends. 238 00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:47,900 And then their friends would hand them down to their kind of supporters and 239 00:18:47,900 --> 00:18:48,900 their clients. 240 00:18:49,360 --> 00:18:53,080 But there's a whole bunch of tickets that are reserved for the common people. 241 00:18:53,640 --> 00:18:58,320 Small business owners, day -to -day farmers, people earning their trade 242 00:18:58,320 --> 00:18:59,660 petty crime, who knows? 243 00:19:01,740 --> 00:19:07,180 We're not necessarily having the citizens divided up by their class in 244 00:19:07,180 --> 00:19:10,460 period. This is something that tends to happen later. 245 00:19:11,660 --> 00:19:15,980 So there is a mingling of all sorts of people jamming themselves into the 246 00:19:15,980 --> 00:19:17,220 a bit like a sports stadium. 247 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:20,220 This is what's great about the amphitheatre. 248 00:19:20,640 --> 00:19:23,220 Whoever you were outside the amphitheatre was irrelevant. 249 00:19:23,740 --> 00:19:29,420 When you were in it, you were in a joined spectacle where you all spent the 250 00:19:29,420 --> 00:19:30,420 together. 251 00:19:35,660 --> 00:19:37,700 The crowd is here to be entertained. 252 00:19:38,240 --> 00:19:41,740 A fast fight and swift death is unacceptable. 253 00:19:42,780 --> 00:19:47,380 Spartacus and the other gladiators have been trained to deliver a spectacle. 254 00:19:48,300 --> 00:19:52,740 You would want them to be fighting one -on -one so that the audience can 255 00:19:52,740 --> 00:19:56,000 appreciate their skill level because it is a show. 256 00:19:57,600 --> 00:20:02,900 One of the things that we tend to get wrong about gladiators is that everybody 257 00:20:02,900 --> 00:20:03,900 dies. 258 00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:06,140 It's not necessarily to the death. 259 00:20:06,360 --> 00:20:11,060 If a gladiator died, the giver of the games would have to pay the cost of 260 00:20:11,060 --> 00:20:12,060 replacement. 261 00:20:12,120 --> 00:20:13,480 Gladiators were very expensive. 262 00:20:14,860 --> 00:20:18,360 About 10 % of gladiators die. 263 00:20:18,720 --> 00:20:23,840 That might seem quite low, but if you're fighting three or four times a year, it 264 00:20:23,840 --> 00:20:27,640 probably means you've got a one in three chance of dying every year. 265 00:20:31,930 --> 00:20:36,250 was, in fact, one of the most compelling aspects of the gladiatorial spectacle. 266 00:20:36,590 --> 00:20:39,310 No one knew what was going to happen. 267 00:20:40,770 --> 00:20:45,450 So you've got to assume that if you don't give a good performance or you 268 00:20:45,450 --> 00:20:48,110 fight well, that you are going to die. 269 00:20:49,030 --> 00:20:53,150 From backstage, Spartacus can hear the roar of the crowd. 270 00:20:53,770 --> 00:20:58,110 He is about to make his debut as a Roman gladiator. 271 00:20:59,210 --> 00:21:00,970 Spartacus fought at Thracia. 272 00:21:01,450 --> 00:21:02,890 That's where he comes from. 273 00:21:03,310 --> 00:21:06,210 So he has a sword, he has a shield. 274 00:21:07,330 --> 00:21:10,390 He's probably going to be up against other swordsmen. 275 00:21:10,730 --> 00:21:14,810 Usually they were from the same barracks, and so you would be fighting 276 00:21:14,810 --> 00:21:15,810 someone you'd trained with. 277 00:21:16,350 --> 00:21:19,610 Which is a particularly cruel aspect of Roman games. 278 00:21:21,690 --> 00:21:25,390 The fights were fought in rounds, and it was a point of them. 279 00:21:25,750 --> 00:21:30,150 They're just trying to score points against each other, a bit like modern 280 00:21:30,150 --> 00:21:31,150 fencing. 281 00:21:31,560 --> 00:21:36,500 You have two referees, the guy in the middle of the action and the guy in the 282 00:21:36,500 --> 00:21:37,500 outside. 283 00:21:37,720 --> 00:21:41,880 This is quite dynamic, very fast, ruthless. 284 00:21:42,880 --> 00:21:45,380 The Thracians were particularly hardened warriors. 285 00:21:46,080 --> 00:21:50,320 The Romans admired their courage in battle, which is not a surprise then 286 00:21:50,320 --> 00:21:54,500 they would take the idea of the Thracians and put them in the arena 287 00:21:54,500 --> 00:21:55,520 the pleasure of the Roman crown. 288 00:21:56,720 --> 00:21:58,440 He was enormously charismatic. 289 00:21:59,120 --> 00:22:01,280 You've got to entertain the audience. 290 00:22:02,100 --> 00:22:03,280 You had to be spectacular. 291 00:22:03,640 --> 00:22:04,980 It was a spectacle. 292 00:22:05,860 --> 00:22:08,980 It doesn't matter if you can quickly dispatch a guy in a couple of minutes. 293 00:22:10,040 --> 00:22:14,580 You want him to go all around, you want him to almost be losing, you want him to 294 00:22:14,580 --> 00:22:17,240 come back at the end, and you want a successful triumph. 295 00:22:22,500 --> 00:22:27,340 So if a gladiator couldn't go on, his only option was to appeal for mercy. 296 00:22:28,040 --> 00:22:29,960 And so he would raise his finger. 297 00:22:30,940 --> 00:22:34,580 And it's up to the giver of the games whether he gives him mercy. 298 00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:39,740 And people would either shout out, let him go, or they'd say, kill him. 299 00:22:40,700 --> 00:22:46,180 And then the giver of the games would signal with a turned thumb whether there 300 00:22:46,180 --> 00:22:48,900 was going to be mercy or death. 301 00:22:50,460 --> 00:22:54,860 In Latin, the term is polykeverso, which just literally means a turned thumb. 302 00:22:55,500 --> 00:23:00,980 we would use it that thumbs down was death and thumbs up is they stay alive 303 00:23:00,980 --> 00:23:05,780 it's not actually clear in the sources what they mean it could mean that thumbs 304 00:23:05,780 --> 00:23:11,320 down was turning down the request to have them killed thumbs up was actually 305 00:23:11,320 --> 00:23:13,480 sort of sticking the sword up in their throat 306 00:23:14,760 --> 00:23:19,800 Or it might even be that it's a kind of turning of the thumb into the palm, 307 00:23:19,920 --> 00:23:24,960 which seems to have been some sort of symbol of mercy that you find in some 308 00:23:24,960 --> 00:23:25,960 religious context. 309 00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:32,060 The sponsor of the games really has to make the crowd happy. 310 00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:37,040 That's why the games are on. So if you're offside with the crowd as a 311 00:23:37,140 --> 00:23:42,120 your time in the arena and your time in life is really, really numbered. 312 00:23:43,630 --> 00:23:49,010 If Spartacus forced his opponent into submission, the host of the games would 313 00:23:49,010 --> 00:23:52,230 decide on the fate of the fallen fighter. 314 00:24:00,990 --> 00:24:06,170 This idea that a loss meant death, it is an exceptionally rare form of fighting, 315 00:24:06,310 --> 00:24:08,430 just because the cost of the gladiator. 316 00:24:08,760 --> 00:24:12,300 had to be recouped. You had to have somebody who was willing to pay out the 317 00:24:12,300 --> 00:24:13,560 gladiator's contract to the minister. 318 00:24:14,940 --> 00:24:19,360 And in one law we have a figure that that cost would be 50 times the cost of 319 00:24:19,360 --> 00:24:20,360 hiring them. 320 00:24:20,820 --> 00:24:26,320 And if in the first fight Spartacus was to meet death or kill another gladiator, 321 00:24:26,440 --> 00:24:28,840 somebody's lost that investment. 322 00:24:31,860 --> 00:24:34,020 Spartacus has won his first contest. 323 00:24:35,920 --> 00:24:37,840 But there is little to celebrate. 324 00:24:40,490 --> 00:24:43,770 He will return to a cycle of training and combat. 325 00:24:44,750 --> 00:24:47,250 Freedom, just a distant hope. 326 00:24:59,310 --> 00:25:04,330 Having won his first bout in the arena, Spartacus is returned to his training 327 00:25:04,330 --> 00:25:06,470 school, where his wounds are treated. 328 00:25:06,910 --> 00:25:13,060 The medical care of gladiators was amongst the best in the Republic, not 329 00:25:13,060 --> 00:25:17,680 compassionate reasons, but because their owners wanted them in fighting shape. 330 00:25:18,260 --> 00:25:24,420 You're probably only fighting three, perhaps four times at most in a year. 331 00:25:24,420 --> 00:25:30,880 long periods of training, recovery, recuperation, and then you're in this 332 00:25:30,880 --> 00:25:32,180 and death situation again. 333 00:25:33,940 --> 00:25:38,200 Gladiators had quite serious injuries, including cuts, 334 00:25:39,300 --> 00:25:40,640 bruises, head injuries. 335 00:25:42,980 --> 00:25:46,160 So doctors come into the Ludus to look after them. 336 00:25:47,420 --> 00:25:51,440 Because of the state of medicine at that point in time, it would have been 337 00:25:51,440 --> 00:25:55,960 difficult for them to arrest an infection, you know, if it got in 338 00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:57,460 to the leg or something like that. 339 00:25:58,240 --> 00:26:02,020 That was probably riskier, in a sense, than breaking a bone. 340 00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:07,320 There will be gladiators who get injured either in the fight... 341 00:26:08,270 --> 00:26:09,430 Or in training. 342 00:26:11,490 --> 00:26:13,990 There will be others who die in the arena. 343 00:26:16,330 --> 00:26:21,010 So there's going to be always a steady sort of trickle of new recruits coming 344 00:26:21,010 --> 00:26:22,010 into the looters. 345 00:26:25,450 --> 00:26:31,950 For years, Spartacus' life is consumed with nothing more than training, 346 00:26:32,250 --> 00:26:37,170 fighting, and recovery. 347 00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:40,500 He dreams of finding a way out. 348 00:26:43,860 --> 00:26:49,260 If you really impressed the crowd repeatedly as a gladiator, you could be 349 00:26:49,260 --> 00:26:50,260 your freedom. 350 00:26:51,260 --> 00:26:56,920 You could be given a rudis, a wooden sword, which was a sign that you were no 351 00:26:56,920 --> 00:27:01,840 longer risking your life with real weapons, that you could retire and 352 00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:07,300 But statistically, it must have been a very small number. 353 00:27:07,770 --> 00:27:12,710 Most gladiators either died or were so badly injured that they couldn't fight 354 00:27:12,710 --> 00:27:13,710 on. 355 00:27:22,970 --> 00:27:27,910 Spartacus must have enormously resented his absence of freedom and terrible 356 00:27:27,910 --> 00:27:29,730 conditions in the training school. 357 00:27:30,690 --> 00:27:32,630 Spartacus was a captured prisoner of war. 358 00:27:34,760 --> 00:27:37,320 To be free, he wants to not be a gladiator. 359 00:27:39,100 --> 00:27:44,340 Badiatus is buying enslaved people as part of a broader slave trade. 360 00:27:45,360 --> 00:27:50,160 He will want to make as much money as he can from these people, so he has no 361 00:27:50,160 --> 00:27:52,300 intention of letting Spartacus go. 362 00:27:53,020 --> 00:27:57,200 It's possible a gladiator like Spartacus will have to fight until he dies. 363 00:27:58,300 --> 00:28:02,520 And it is this horrifying fact that we really have to keep in mind when we 364 00:28:02,520 --> 00:28:03,980 of what's happening to Spartacus. 365 00:28:06,540 --> 00:28:11,100 We could speculate that what he would like to do is return home to escape 366 00:28:11,100 --> 00:28:12,820 itself, but he's trapped there. 367 00:28:13,440 --> 00:28:15,440 They can't get out of Italy. 368 00:28:16,740 --> 00:28:21,180 And this starts something that no one is expecting. 369 00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:31,400 Spartacus manages to convince... 370 00:28:31,610 --> 00:28:36,290 A bunch of his fellow gladiators said it was time to bust out of this place. 371 00:28:38,170 --> 00:28:43,370 That now is their chance to fight for themselves, rather than to fight for the 372 00:28:43,370 --> 00:28:44,950 entertainment of the Romans. 373 00:28:46,570 --> 00:28:49,370 They were highly trained and highly skilled fighters. 374 00:28:49,890 --> 00:28:54,350 That presents a problem with the Lannister, because you have people that 375 00:28:54,350 --> 00:28:55,350 fight against you. 376 00:28:55,550 --> 00:28:58,590 But they were not equipped with weapons. 377 00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:03,300 The weapons were kept strictly separate from the men living there. 378 00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:07,080 However, Spartacus was an opportunist. 379 00:29:07,580 --> 00:29:10,720 He managed to see an opportunity to escape, and he took it. 380 00:29:13,440 --> 00:29:18,980 They were having something to eat, and he manages to get his hands on some 381 00:29:18,980 --> 00:29:19,980 weapons. 382 00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:22,640 Utensils from the kitchens. 383 00:29:23,900 --> 00:29:25,880 Cleavers and stakes. 384 00:29:26,820 --> 00:29:28,560 And they overwhelm the guards. 385 00:29:29,180 --> 00:29:33,680 What he'd learned fighting as a gladiator would have helped him escape 386 00:29:33,680 --> 00:29:34,680 lunatics. 387 00:29:35,440 --> 00:29:39,860 It's a daring escape, Spartacus and his companion Crixus pull. 388 00:29:40,700 --> 00:29:46,200 It goes to show the gladiators, in fact, were trained to such a high level they 389 00:29:46,200 --> 00:29:49,280 could out -fight the guards one -to -one. 390 00:29:55,690 --> 00:29:58,710 Over 70 of these gladiators in training escaped. 391 00:30:01,230 --> 00:30:03,110 His rebellion doesn't stop there. 392 00:30:03,610 --> 00:30:07,470 He doesn't just get out and think, great, I'm free, off I go. 393 00:30:09,030 --> 00:30:14,330 They would have had the opportunity to leave Italy, to cross the Alps and to 394 00:30:14,330 --> 00:30:15,330 head homeward. 395 00:30:15,870 --> 00:30:17,050 But they don't. 396 00:30:18,950 --> 00:30:23,550 It's a difficult path. It is this very narrow peninsula of a place. 397 00:30:24,780 --> 00:30:28,820 Because you've got to go over those mountains, and there's not many paths 398 00:30:28,820 --> 00:30:29,820 those mountains. 399 00:30:30,040 --> 00:30:33,100 It's tough going, and you could be cut off really easily. 400 00:30:34,520 --> 00:30:39,840 Possibly that was what he was trying to do, but certainly it seems that he 401 00:30:39,840 --> 00:30:40,860 changed his mind. 402 00:30:42,400 --> 00:30:48,540 Spartacus wants to take on Rome for all that it's done, of exploitation of the 403 00:30:48,540 --> 00:30:50,360 enslaved and of gladiators. 404 00:30:51,310 --> 00:30:55,010 Spartacus decides to fight Rome in various different ways. 405 00:30:56,070 --> 00:31:00,990 Spartacus's days of fighting as a gladiator are over. Instead of making 406 00:31:00,990 --> 00:31:07,210 dangerous trip home, he remains in Italy. Soon, he will come face to face 407 00:31:07,210 --> 00:31:12,310 the Roman forces that first enslaved him in a fight bigger than simply his own 408 00:31:12,310 --> 00:31:13,310 freedom. 409 00:31:19,930 --> 00:31:22,030 and his men have escaped the ludus. 410 00:31:25,530 --> 00:31:31,330 The Romans severely underestimated the threat of this break in Capua. 411 00:31:31,550 --> 00:31:36,010 Six dozen gladiators would not have seemed an immediate threat to the state, 412 00:31:36,010 --> 00:31:38,870 boy were they wrong. And a lot of it had to do with the terrain. 413 00:31:39,790 --> 00:31:45,010 What they do first is actually go and hide up on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius, 414 00:31:45,210 --> 00:31:47,810 which is in the highlands, south of Capua. 415 00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:53,200 There were plenty of places for Spartacus and his compatriots to hide, 416 00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:54,200 to build support. 417 00:31:55,980 --> 00:32:02,680 People from the Italian countryside begin to join Spartacus, who are 418 00:32:02,680 --> 00:32:08,040 disenfranchised, who are upset with Rome in various ways, having difficulty with 419 00:32:08,040 --> 00:32:13,660 their land, facing extreme poverty, who are maybe enslaved as well or had 420 00:32:13,660 --> 00:32:14,660 formerly been enslaved. 421 00:32:16,590 --> 00:32:22,290 His rebel army is drawn initially from the gladiator, but it's more of a slave 422 00:32:22,290 --> 00:32:24,970 rebellion than a gladiator rebellion. 423 00:32:27,490 --> 00:32:34,270 There is a regular trade in enslaved people that is happening throughout 424 00:32:34,270 --> 00:32:39,650 Italy in this period. The Romans and the Italian people generally... 425 00:32:40,220 --> 00:32:45,180 are building their societies through enslaved people. That is happening and 426 00:32:45,180 --> 00:32:46,820 traveling throughout all of Italy. 427 00:32:48,300 --> 00:32:54,560 The Roman Republic wages countless wars and with every victory prisoners are 428 00:32:54,560 --> 00:33:01,060 captured. The cities swell and enslaved people now make up more than a quarter 429 00:33:01,060 --> 00:33:02,900 of the population of Rome. 430 00:33:04,020 --> 00:33:08,740 According to our literature, if the enslaved population of Rome were to 431 00:33:09,390 --> 00:33:13,950 They'd have either a numerical advantage over the rest of the population or 432 00:33:13,950 --> 00:33:15,570 something that's not far off that. 433 00:33:16,750 --> 00:33:21,370 It was speculated that the population of Rome might be somewhere around a 434 00:33:21,370 --> 00:33:26,070 million and between 30 -40 % in Rome is enslaved. 435 00:33:26,950 --> 00:33:28,670 That's an awful lot of people. 436 00:33:31,310 --> 00:33:35,730 Traditionally, Rome has not put a lot of stake or value in conflicts with the 437 00:33:35,730 --> 00:33:36,730 enslaved. 438 00:33:37,070 --> 00:33:40,290 The enslaved are not valued as honourable opponents. 439 00:33:41,810 --> 00:33:44,270 This is to change with Spartacus. 440 00:33:50,890 --> 00:33:53,650 Spartacus is seen as a very good organised leader. 441 00:33:54,130 --> 00:33:59,030 What he'd learned before as a soldier would have helped him plan a campaign, 442 00:33:59,270 --> 00:34:00,590 organise men. 443 00:34:01,960 --> 00:34:06,240 skills that made you a really successful gladiator, which is really becoming a 444 00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:10,639 showman, will have helped him provide leadership to what becomes effectively a 445 00:34:10,639 --> 00:34:11,699 very large army. 446 00:34:14,679 --> 00:34:20,120 Spartacus sets up a kind of pseudo -military arrangement where he's got 447 00:34:20,120 --> 00:34:24,340 gladiators from the Ludus who are serving underneath him as kind of his 448 00:34:24,340 --> 00:34:30,400 lieutenants. Crixus is certainly somebody who seems to be a leader 449 00:34:30,400 --> 00:34:31,400 Spartacus. 450 00:34:32,679 --> 00:34:35,380 He seems to be somebody that Spartacus values. 451 00:34:38,239 --> 00:34:40,480 The Roman armies begin chasing them. 452 00:34:42,540 --> 00:34:47,920 So the Romans, to start off with, send a small body of troops, and they get 453 00:34:47,920 --> 00:34:48,920 defeated. 454 00:34:49,560 --> 00:34:54,380 The Romans send a bigger army and a bigger army, but even they are defeated. 455 00:34:55,880 --> 00:34:58,980 Spartacus had military experience, and that was very helpful to them. 456 00:35:04,550 --> 00:35:09,630 They've sent multiple military leaders against Spartacus' forces who have 457 00:35:09,630 --> 00:35:12,230 failed. So it's a huge issue. 458 00:35:12,630 --> 00:35:16,310 The priority, militarily, is to keep this under wraps. 459 00:35:18,450 --> 00:35:22,190 The elite Roman military leaders and commanders are talking about it because 460 00:35:22,190 --> 00:35:25,730 they're like, this is a problem that we really need to deal with. And as an 461 00:35:25,730 --> 00:35:29,470 extension of that, their soldiers know that this is a problem. 462 00:35:30,230 --> 00:35:34,290 And this is how the reputation of Spartacus begins to spread. 463 00:35:37,830 --> 00:35:44,570 And more and more enslaved people join him until he's got thousands of men, 464 00:35:44,730 --> 00:35:47,690 anything from 60 to 100 ,000. 465 00:35:52,190 --> 00:35:54,950 Spartacus enjoys victory after victory after victory. 466 00:35:55,550 --> 00:36:00,590 But when little groups break off from his army that's when they tend to face 467 00:36:00,590 --> 00:36:03,190 defeat or problems of some kind. 468 00:36:07,330 --> 00:36:10,370 Spartacus is caught in a war against the Roman Republic. 469 00:36:10,990 --> 00:36:15,310 As his army tracks north, Crixus has eased 470 00:36:15,310 --> 00:36:21,250 and is defeated by Roman forces. 471 00:36:26,250 --> 00:36:32,010 When news of his death reaches Spartacus, he seeks vengeance. 472 00:36:37,450 --> 00:36:41,050 He has captured soldiers by these gladiators. 473 00:36:43,210 --> 00:36:48,310 What he's trying to do here is humiliate them and to give the Romans a taste of 474 00:36:48,310 --> 00:36:49,310 their own medicine. 475 00:36:59,530 --> 00:37:05,210 So after these various conflicts, Rome is taking Spartacus seriously. 476 00:37:07,610 --> 00:37:11,210 Spartacus really produces an enormous fear in the Romans. 477 00:37:12,110 --> 00:37:16,710 People would have thought, there are a lot of enslaved people in Roman society, 478 00:37:16,990 --> 00:37:19,070 what happens if they all rise up? 479 00:37:23,070 --> 00:37:27,850 They put one of the wealthiest Roman politicians in charge of the conflict. 480 00:37:29,420 --> 00:37:30,880 Marcus Licinius Crassus. 481 00:37:31,300 --> 00:37:37,320 The Roman military has underestimated Spartacus. But with immense wealth at 482 00:37:37,320 --> 00:37:42,520 disposal, Crassus is able to raise a fierce army that could finally crush 483 00:37:42,520 --> 00:37:44,760 Spartacus and his rebel troops. 484 00:37:53,880 --> 00:37:56,400 Spartacus and his army face growing danger. 485 00:37:58,250 --> 00:38:03,810 Having won impressive victories on the battlefield, they now face the powerful 486 00:38:03,810 --> 00:38:10,710 General Crassus, who has been appointed by Rome to end the uprising once and 487 00:38:10,710 --> 00:38:11,710 for all. 488 00:38:12,410 --> 00:38:16,570 Crassus is a very rich man, and he's also a military general. 489 00:38:18,190 --> 00:38:20,550 Crassus was really pursuing power. 490 00:38:23,090 --> 00:38:26,350 Being sent to face this massive army. 491 00:38:27,370 --> 00:38:31,690 And his military strategy does outweigh that of Spartacus. 492 00:38:52,650 --> 00:38:56,650 Crassus manages to pin them down in the very toe of Italy. 493 00:38:57,590 --> 00:38:59,890 Build a wall, shuts them in. 494 00:39:01,290 --> 00:39:03,070 There's a siege at this point. 495 00:39:05,590 --> 00:39:08,030 Spartacus is fighting hand -to -hand combat. 496 00:39:10,290 --> 00:39:13,950 They try to escape, but they can't. 497 00:39:20,910 --> 00:39:24,110 And in the final battle he is killed. 498 00:39:39,090 --> 00:39:40,450 Spartacus has been defeated. 499 00:39:43,510 --> 00:39:45,030 He is killed in battle. 500 00:39:48,140 --> 00:39:50,460 As far as we know, his body is not recovered. 501 00:39:55,420 --> 00:40:00,560 His remaining troops, six thousand of them, are captured. 502 00:40:03,380 --> 00:40:08,220 The Romans made a huge example out of Spartacus and his followers. 503 00:40:09,400 --> 00:40:14,520 Six thousand people were crucified along the Appian Way from Capua to Rome. 504 00:40:20,040 --> 00:40:25,640 Thousands of enslaved and free people were killed in this conflict. 505 00:40:27,560 --> 00:40:33,520 Their corpses would have hung there for months and been a real cautionary tale 506 00:40:33,520 --> 00:40:36,320 to anybody who felt that they could resist Roman power. 507 00:40:36,660 --> 00:40:39,980 The crucifixions mark the end of the uprising. 508 00:40:40,460 --> 00:40:45,140 Rome has triumphed over Spartacus and his army of gladiators. 509 00:40:45,560 --> 00:40:47,700 However, his actions... 510 00:40:48,220 --> 00:40:49,820 will never be forgotten. 511 00:40:50,500 --> 00:40:54,600 The rebellion by Spartacus really shook Rome. 512 00:40:55,020 --> 00:41:00,680 This revolt produces a real transformation in attitudes to the 513 00:41:00,680 --> 00:41:06,680 enslaved and to gladiators and the restrictions on sizes of gladiatorial 514 00:41:06,680 --> 00:41:07,680 training schools. 515 00:41:08,240 --> 00:41:14,420 You can't have too many gladiators in one place rather than sort of risking 516 00:41:14,420 --> 00:41:15,560 breaking out. 517 00:41:17,390 --> 00:41:21,110 The Senate put a limit on the number of gladiators that you can use. 518 00:41:21,590 --> 00:41:25,110 They're worried that this will be a threat to the safety of Rome itself. 519 00:41:25,950 --> 00:41:30,730 What would happen if all of these enslaved people in the Roman world rose 520 00:41:30,730 --> 00:41:33,450 against their masters, as Spartacus does? 521 00:41:35,410 --> 00:41:41,650 It's one of the great mysteries how Spartacus could have his jailbreak 522 00:41:41,650 --> 00:41:43,250 into a full -scale rebellion. 523 00:41:46,570 --> 00:41:50,770 His strategy is testament to his skill as a leader. 524 00:41:51,230 --> 00:41:55,050 He has become such an important symbol for this kind of uprising. 525 00:41:56,510 --> 00:42:01,410 He becomes this really famous name because we have this rebellion. 526 00:42:03,950 --> 00:42:08,590 Spartacus is the only gladiator we know of who has a career beyond the 527 00:42:08,590 --> 00:42:09,830 gladiatorial arena. 528 00:42:11,190 --> 00:42:12,710 And for that he's remembered. 529 00:42:16,140 --> 00:42:21,020 When people mention the name Spartacus, the first thing we think of is Spartacus 530 00:42:21,020 --> 00:42:22,020 the Gladiator. 531 00:42:22,360 --> 00:42:28,820 But he's more famous, I think, as someone who has come to stand for 532 00:42:28,900 --> 00:42:33,620 freedom from oppression, freedom from enslavement. 533 00:42:35,120 --> 00:42:38,080 That's his legacy more in the modern world.